#: locale=en
## Action
### URL
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## Hotspot
### Tooltip
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_9D420353_868A_1A3A_41C6_910B7B5D57F5.toolTip = Beside farm house
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_521728D6_49BE_3B18_41CA_D7A9C48936AE.toolTip = Beside the farmhouse
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_559D819A_49BE_2D09_41C0_1F8533AF9A27.toolTip = Farmyard & barns
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_559A8F37_49BA_3518_41D0_0F37C44D7D55.toolTip = Farmyard & barns
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_55CA7DEA_49BE_3508_41CD_A0F2665A76F0.toolTip = Veteran oak & milking stand
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_55214419_49BE_2B08_41C7_AF010771357C.toolTip = Woodland between the barns and milking stand
## Media
### Audio
audiores_04E54261_2C64_ABA5_41B3_328B989DE4D5.mp3Url = media/audio_085019A5_2C5C_98A2_41BF_584F228B4A2C_en.mp3
audiores_04E5F5E5_2C64_A8AD_41C4_60D00625B039.mp3Url = media/audio_08556A60_2C5C_9BA3_41B2_1F3A96C0CBE2_en.mp3
audiores_04E5F926_2C64_B9AF_41B1_2170B78437AD.mp3Url = media/audio_08567AD7_2C5C_98ED_41C1_C57368B8AD44_en.mp3
audiores_1E6CE095_07A4_D7F8_419C_811CD29D5EB8.mp3Url = media/audio_11D45EFC_07BF_EB28_4173_64A092DB0556_en.mp3
audiores_14C1393E_08A4_E928_4184_B89985054D89.mp3Url = media/audio_13C0C52D_08A4_D928_419B_685BD9374F41_en.mp3
audiores_153D0D9B_08A4_E9E8_419B_FD92F350D47C.mp3Url = media/audio_13C1061E_08A4_DAE8_4185_E259D50BCA08_en.mp3
audiores_12C55F12_0864_EAF8_4164_80F76F6CE147.mp3Url = media/audio_3F46CDA7_2C14_9192_4176_5F9BAA6E5D70_en.mp3
audiores_6C3A5A0C_49DE_1F08_41C6_524AD84250F7.mp3Url = media/audio_6D2EC701_49DE_36F8_41A3_7D25B48FD6E0_en.mp3
### Floorplan
### Image
imlevel_973E9BD5_D715_E591_41E3_4937896B8A78.url = media/map_7205CEFA_5F9B_2C90_41A9_4FA4A4FA9A51_en_0.jpg
imlevel_973EDBD5_D715_E591_41E1_5FD334DA642A.url = media/map_7205CEFA_5F9B_2C90_41A9_4FA4A4FA9A51_en_1.jpg
imlevel_973ECBD6_D715_E593_41DF_A80143F4F4A8.url = media/map_7205CEFA_5F9B_2C90_41A9_4FA4A4FA9A51_en_2.jpg
### Subtitle
panorama_A5BEDDAA_B1AD_2890_41E5_65A7CFC9A568.subtitle = This is where the subtitle detail can go if there is a requirement to say more than the title.
panorama_A58E1AF6_B1AD_2870_41DA_E97295FBEAE8.subtitle = This is where the subtitle detail can go if there is a requirement to say more than the title.
panorama_A5B43479_B1AD_3873_41B2_F21D357E112A.subtitle = This is where the subtitle detail can go if there is a requirement to say more than the title.
panorama_A598F16E_B1AC_D991_41C2_D1965D28B360.subtitle = This is where the subtitle detail can go if there is a requirement to say more than the title.
panorama_A5A94743_B1AD_5997_41DA_CF9410A35F74.subtitle = This is where the subtitle detail can go if there is a requirement to say more than the title.
panorama_A5FE274F_B1AC_F9AF_41D5_32B7E890C96F.subtitle = This is where the subtitle detail can go if there is a requirement to say more than the title.
panorama_A52BECB8_B1AC_E8F1_41E4_86747B0DD69D.subtitle = This is where the subtitle detail can go if there is a requirement to say more than the title.
### Title
panorama_A26ADCA6_B1AD_E891_41C3_3B0BDA1517E1.label = 1. Rainforest entrance
panorama_A5B43479_B1AD_3873_41B2_F21D357E112A.label = 10. Woodland edge
panorama_A5BEDDAA_B1AD_2890_41E5_65A7CFC9A568.label = 11. Field barn
panorama_A5A94743_B1AD_5997_41DA_CF9410A35F74.label = 12. Ffridd field
panorama_A5FE274F_B1AC_F9AF_41D5_32B7E890C96F.label = 13. Llennyrch farmhouse
panorama_A52BECB8_B1AC_E8F1_41E4_86747B0DD69D.label = 14. Farm entrance
panorama_A26282AA_B1AD_D890_41C6_8361FDBBA4A8.label = 2. Past, present & future
panorama_A272D7EB_B1AD_3897_41E2_2CF5B1FCDCA4.label = 3. Volunteering
panorama_A24BBE17_B1AD_2BB0_41A7_56BD4D4B424B.label = 4. Rest a while
panorama_A2562474_B1AD_5871_41E1_FDFA8139A72E.label = 5. Waterways
panorama_A2556B04_B1AD_6990_41A2_6946FD8617E6.label = 6. Trees down
panorama_A5AC4038_B1AD_77F0_41E2_7F70CF747DCB.label = 7. Dawn chorus
panorama_A598F16E_B1AC_D991_41C2_D1965D28B360.label = 8. Grazing
panorama_A58E1AF6_B1AD_2870_41DA_E97295FBEAE8.label = 9. Milk churn stand and veteran tree
photo_B893A30C_ACFE_4BA3_41BB_1B42C8D4EE8A.label = Felenrhyd Bilberries - Jordan Mansfield - WTML1144201 - Small
photo_B893A30C_ACFE_4BA3_41BB_1B42C8D4EE8A.label = Felenrhyd Bilberries - Jordan Mansfield - WTML1144201 - Small
photo_BE85E43D_ACFE_4DDD_41E0_13382DD6471E.label = Felenrhyd Bracket Fungi 1 - Phil Formby - WTML1877345 - Small
photo_BE85E43D_ACFE_4DDD_41E0_13382DD6471E.label = Felenrhyd Bracket Fungi 1 - Phil Formby - WTML1877345 - Small
photo_BE8905A1_ACFE_4EE5_41B4_67887D0A4433.label = Felenrhyd Bracket Fungus 2 - Phil Formby - WTML1877368 - small
photo_BE8905A1_ACFE_4EE5_41B4_67887D0A4433.label = Felenrhyd Bracket Fungus 2 - Phil Formby - WTML1877368 - small
photo_BE8B3726_ACFE_4BEF_41BF_59030F715240.label = Felenrhyd Fly Agaric - Phil Formby - WTML1877358 - small
photo_BE8B3726_ACFE_4BEF_41BF_59030F715240.label = Felenrhyd Fly Agaric - Phil Formby - WTML1877358 - small
photo_BE8C489D_ACFE_46DD_41C8_6D87B94DC0B8.label = Felenrhyd Ivy - Jordan Mansfield - WTML1874041
photo_BE8C489D_ACFE_46DD_41C8_6D87B94DC0B8.label = Felenrhyd Ivy - Jordan Mansfield - WTML1874041
photo_BE8DF9FC_ACFE_4663_41AD_5BEF5956A850.label = Felenrhyd Lichen - Ben Lee - WTML1856783 - small
photo_BE8DF9FC_ACFE_4663_41AD_5BEF5956A850.label = Felenrhyd Lichen - Ben Lee - WTML1856783 - small
photo_BE8FBBA0_ACFE_7AE3_41BA_BE6E2D3CD1CD.label = Felenrhyd Moss - Jordan Mansfield - WTML 1144198 - small
photo_BE8FBBA0_ACFE_7AE3_41BA_BE6E2D3CD1CD.label = Felenrhyd Moss - Jordan Mansfield - WTML 1144198 - small
photo_BE917D40_ACFE_7FA3_41E0_7159177FA392.label = Felenrhyd Moss and Ferns - Jordan Mansfield - WTML1874046 - small
photo_BE917D40_ACFE_7FA3_41E0_7159177FA392.label = Felenrhyd Moss and Ferns - Jordan Mansfield - WTML1874046 - small
photo_BE92AEAA_ACFE_7AE7_41E0_BA57680EB431.label = Felenrhyd Path - Ben Lee - WTML1858655 - small
photo_BE92AEAA_ACFE_7AE7_41E0_BA57680EB431.label = Felenrhyd Path - Ben Lee - WTML1858655 - small
photo_BE95007B_ACFE_4664_41E1_DF68996DB1DB.label = Felenrhyd Pond Skater - Ben Lee - WTML1858657
photo_BE95007B_ACFE_4664_41E1_DF68996DB1DB.label = Felenrhyd Pond Skater - Ben Lee - WTML1858657
photo_BE95E1D8_ACFE_46A3_419E_F9CAB6C1D3BA.label = Felenrhyd Steps and Bridge - Jordan Mansfield - WTML1144189 - small
photo_BE95E1D8_ACFE_46A3_419E_F9CAB6C1D3BA.label = Felenrhyd Steps and Bridge - Jordan Mansfield - WTML1144189 - small
photo_BE97337B_ACFE_4A65_41E0_C533E99635D7.label = Felenrhyd Stream - Jordan Mansfield - WTML1874101 - small
photo_BE97337B_ACFE_4A65_41E0_C533E99635D7.label = Felenrhyd Stream - Jordan Mansfield - WTML1874101 - small
photo_BE9814ED_ACFE_4E7D_41D0_9697125C7970.label = Felenrhyd Terrain - Phil Formby -WTML1037251 - small
photo_BE9814ED_ACFE_4E7D_41D0_9697125C7970.label = Felenrhyd Terrain - Phil Formby -WTML1037251 - small
photo_BE9B06D5_ACFE_4AAD_41CF_B0C3FB4D6E41.label = Felenrhyd Top Pool - Phil Formby - WTML1037196 - small
photo_BE9B06D5_ACFE_4AAD_41CF_B0C3FB4D6E41.label = Felenrhyd Top Pool - Phil Formby - WTML1037196 - small
photo_BE9C184E_ACFE_45BF_41CC_DBCCD6C4B572.label = Felenrhyd Top Waterfall - Johnathan Need - WTML1045114
photo_BE9C184E_ACFE_45BF_41CC_DBCCD6C4B572.label = Felenrhyd Top Waterfall - Johnathan Need - WTML1045114
photo_BE9D8A0A_ACFE_45A7_41E1_FE8AFDE060D9.label = Felenrhyd Tunbridge Filmy Fern - Johnathan Need - WTML1045115
photo_BE9D8A0A_ACFE_45A7_41E1_FE8AFDE060D9.label = Felenrhyd Tunbridge Filmy Fern - Johnathan Need - WTML1045115
photo_BEA06C25_ACFE_5DEC_41D6_77FABBE9675F.label = Felenrhyd Waterfall - Ben Lee - WTML1858610 - small
photo_BEA06C25_ACFE_5DEC_41D6_77FABBE9675F.label = Felenrhyd Waterfall - Ben Lee - WTML1858610 - small
photo_BEA2BDE0_ACFE_5E63_41CE_8697B19FF7FC.label = Felenrhyd Winter Stream - Rory Francis - WTML1071173
photo_BEA2BDE0_ACFE_5E63_41CE_8697B19FF7FC.label = Felenrhyd Winter Stream - Rory Francis - WTML1071173
photo_BEA3BF5A_ACFE_5BA7_41E5_40857E0F3F47.label = Felenrhyd Wood Anenome - Ben Lee - WTML1858648 - small
photo_BEA3BF5A_ACFE_5BA7_41E5_40857E0F3F47.label = Felenrhyd Wood Anenome - Ben Lee - WTML1858648 - small
photo_BEA520FC_ACFE_4663_41E2_DDDCB034BF77.label = Felenrhyd Wood Sorrel - Ben Lee - WTML1858589 - small
photo_BEA520FC_ACFE_4663_41E2_DDDCB034BF77.label = Felenrhyd Wood Sorrel - Ben Lee - WTML1858589 - small
photo_BEA8E345_ACFE_4BAC_41D4_352F05ED2DCA.label = Lichens and Bracket Fungus - Ben Porter
photo_BEA8E345_ACFE_4BAC_41D4_352F05ED2DCA.label = Lichens and Bracket Fungus - Ben Porter
photo_BEAD3522_ACFE_4FE7_41CD_EC134723C95D.label = Llennyrch Bat Box - Phil Formby - WTML1877234 - small
photo_BEAD3522_ACFE_4FE7_41CD_EC134723C95D.label = Llennyrch Bat Box - Phil Formby - WTML1877234 - small
photo_BEAEE6E4_ACFE_4A6C_41BF_D3FC6DA4F19A.label = Llennyrch Conocephalum conicum Liverwort - Jonathan Need - WTML1045118 - Copy (2)
photo_BEAEE6E4_ACFE_4A6C_41BF_D3FC6DA4F19A.label = Llennyrch Conocephalum conicum Liverwort - Jonathan Need - WTML1045118 - Copy (2)
photo_BEB218FB_ACFE_4664_41DD_FC4A8A58A3D7.label = Llennyrch Lichens and Moss - Rory Francis WTML1071168
photo_BEB218FB_ACFE_4664_41DD_FC4A8A58A3D7.label = Llennyrch Lichens and Moss - Rory Francis WTML1071168
photo_673540B5_4B6A_6B18_4183_0F4D11ADAD92.label = Llennyrch-2017
photo_6735A83F_4B6A_7B08_41C8_340662B34210.label = Llennyrch-2025
photo_67351FAD_4B6A_1508_41C1_DE1E5B809B91.label = Llennyrch-2034
photo_6735C6CF_4B6A_1708_41C5_A55FECB0D9D5.label = Llennyrch-2044
photo_67350E48_4B6A_3708_41A4_DBE95674280E.label = Llennyrch-2053
photo_6735D58F_4B6A_3508_41C2_54FB73094793.label = Llennyrch-2059
photo_67353D64_4B6A_1539_41CA_7B1E64BE7FB7.label = Llennyrch-2066
photo_6735E438_4B6A_EB08_41CB_FD77413F79A1.label = Llennyrch-2074
photo_67352C05_4B6A_FAF8_41A3_F0D475C22CE4.label = Llennyrch-2080
photo_6735F350_4B6A_ED18_41A3_AA2D97DB2958.label = Llennyrch-2087
photo_6735DB94_4B6A_1D18_41D2_2F7E19778752.label = Llennyrch-2092
photo_673503FD_4B6A_2D08_41C8_5FEB418A3D11.label = Llennyrch-2107
photo_6735CD0D_4B6A_3508_417C_1613BF12F7DE.label = Llennyrch-2109
photo_6735153F_4B6A_3507_41CE_0FAEDD395586.label = Llennyrch-2113
photo_6735FCED_4B6A_1B08_41B5_721EAB318D86.label = Llennyrch-2115
photo_673524E6_4B6A_6B38_41A6_6F8C92124994.label = Llennyrch-2118
photo_6735EC99_4B6A_7B08_41C5_F0AC9A53817B.label = Llennyrch-2120
photo_6735345C_4B6A_6B08_41C3_64FA856709AB.label = Llennyrch-2130
photo_67359BCF_4B6A_1D08_41A3_FF1D8CAC43B3.label = Llennyrch-2136
photo_6735B38B_4B6A_2D08_41AF_D7EF52ED079B.label = Llennyrch-2141
photo_67359BF1_4B6A_3D18_41A4_49F941C288B3.label = Llennyrch-2176
photo_6735B3E3_4B6A_2D38_41A2_56F7D73A82C4.label = Llennyrch-2180
photo_6735AC38_4B6A_1B09_41CA_4E9F5CB26E71.label = Llennyrch-2195
photo_6736E455_4B69_EB1B_41C9_35BEA05110DA.label = Llennyrch-2198
photo_6573EC5A_4B69_FB08_41CD_AD6CFD8EDBC9.label = Llennyrch-2202
album_351364CD_04E1_6B0E_4194_A6569E4B211A.label = Main album
photo_BEB35A57_ACFE_45AD_41A2_6EC72F74CDEF.label = Moth Survey Results - Ben Porter
photo_BEB35A57_ACFE_45AD_41A2_6EC72F74CDEF.label = Moth Survey Results - Ben Porter
photo_BEB5CBB7_ACFE_3AED_41E1_2CFECA71B6E9.label = Poly Pody - Ben Porter
photo_BEB5CBB7_ACFE_3AED_41E1_2CFECA71B6E9.label = Poly Pody - Ben Porter
photo_BEB72D15_ACFE_3FAD_41BD_6B2002BF3402.label = Winter Trees - Ben Porter
photo_BEB72D15_ACFE_3FAD_41BD_6B2002BF3402.label = Winter Trees - Ben Porter
map_7205CEFA_5F9B_2C90_41A9_4FA4A4FA9A51.label = map6
## Skin
### Button
Button_C2E1AB39_CF39_7BB3_41E3_ED7CC84F1D3D.label = 360 List
Button_AA6B42B8_BFD0_97E3_417A_98C701F35626_mobile.label = 360s
Button_AA6B42B8_BFD0_97E3_417A_98C701F35626.label = 360s
Button_AEB30F7E_BF50_8D5E_41BF_92121F0467AD_mobile.label = About
Button_AEB30F7E_BF50_8D5E_41BF_92121F0467AD.label = About
Button_5330F41F_1AC6_F668_416A_6A181084BAE2_mobile.label = Access
Button_29A312E2_1ADB_33DB_41BA_41BA2B1B0088.label = Access
Button_E228686C_C2B5_78F1_41DB_DAA25E042FB4_mobile.label = Audio (On)
Button_E228686C_C2B5_78F1_41DB_DAA25E042FB4.label = Audio (On)
Button_E228686C_C2B5_78F1_41DB_DAA25E042FB4.pressedLabel = Audio Mute
Button_E228686C_C2B5_78F1_41DB_DAA25E042FB4_mobile.pressedLabel = Audio Mute
Button_AAA6FAFE_BFD0_975F_41B6_6EF17CDBA4B4.label = Donate
Button_AAA6FAFE_BFD0_975F_41B6_6EF17CDBA4B4_mobile.label = Donate
Button_E264D55C_C2B2_C8D1_41E3_D350441B9D5D.label = Enter VR
Button_E264D55C_C2B2_C8D1_41E3_D350441B9D5D.pressedLabel = Enter VR
Button_E264D55C_C2B2_C8D1_41E3_D350441B9D5D_mobile.label = Enter VR
Button_E264D55C_C2B2_C8D1_41E3_D350441B9D5D_mobile.pressedLabel = Enter VR
Button_E2C59C17_C2CD_D85F_41E7_9F6D79367795.pressedLabel = Full Screen (Off)
Button_E2C59C17_C2CD_D85F_41E7_9F6D79367795.label = Full Screen (On)
Button_AA37411F_BFD0_B2DD_41E6_F3382A37AB82.label = Gallery
Button_AA37411F_BFD0_B2DD_41E6_F3382A37AB82_mobile.label = Gallery
Button_CCF763EA_D7A5_7DFA_41D7_2E5365FDDC17_mobile.label = Gyroscopic (Off)
Button_CCF763EA_D7A5_7DFA_41D7_2E5365FDDC17_mobile.pressedLabel = Gyroscopic (On)
Button_E267DDD4_C2B5_5BD1_41CE_68CA3559B9AC_mobile.pressedLabel = Hotspots (Off)
Button_E267DDD4_C2B5_5BD1_41CE_68CA3559B9AC.pressedLabel = Hotspots (Off)
Button_E267DDD4_C2B5_5BD1_41CE_68CA3559B9AC.label = Hotspots (On)
Button_E267DDD4_C2B5_5BD1_41CE_68CA3559B9AC_mobile.label = Hotspots (On)
Button_E4F6712F_ABF2_16AF_41DE_574F22160DFA.label = How to use
Button_E3042BC0_ABD6_09D0_41DC_DFBB229EA67E_mobile.label = How to use
Button_AB41832E_BFD0_96FE_41CF_20192280066E.label = Map
Button_AB41832E_BFD0_96FE_41CF_20192280066E_mobile.label = Map
Button_AA5DB088_BFD0_B3A2_41E6_82611FC92DC9.label = Realtor
Button_AC0452F1_BF51_9765_41E2_3A41563B0AA7.label = Spare
Button_E27E9EC4_C2B2_B830_41DB_F8C42F6D88AF.pressedLabel = Sticker (Off)
Button_E27E9EC4_C2B2_B830_41DB_F8C42F6D88AF_mobile.pressedLabel = Sticker (Off)
Button_E27E9EC4_C2B2_B830_41DB_F8C42F6D88AF.label = Sticker (On)
Button_E27E9EC4_C2B2_B830_41DB_F8C42F6D88AF_mobile.label = Sticker (On)
Button_AB4BEFD3_BFD0_8DA6_41C9_C4766BA222D5_mobile.label = Video
Button_AB4BEFD3_BFD0_8DA6_41C9_C4766BA222D5.label = Video
### Image
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HTMLText_02394A8B_107B_3BBE_41A6_9AB5D00BF378.html = About Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch
Preserving and enhancing natural and cultural heritage
The expanse of Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch stretches from the rugged Rhinog mountains of Eryri (Snowdonia) to the tidal limits of the Irish Sea.
It is a unique landscape where conservation meets farming, preserving traditional agricultural practices while increasing tree cover. Light woodland grazing delivers optimal conditions for rare mosses, lichens and liverworts found only in rainforest conditions. With steep ravines, undulating paths, rugged moorland and rushing streams, let us transport you to secret corners of this remote landscape few people have experienced.
This tour will unveil more about our work, help you plan your visit or simply provide a place to immerse yourself in the sights and sounds of Wales’ precious rainforest. The tabs in the toolbar will guide you.
To delve deeper into the history, ecology and management of rainforests or to learn how we support landowners, visit The Woodland Trust website. For more information and guides about protecting our rainforests in Wales, visit the Celtic Rainforest Wales website.
Inspired by the tour? Help protect our woodland heritage by recording ancient trees, volunteering with us or donating towards our future work.
This tour has been made possible through the Nature Networks Fund which has been delivered by the Heritage Fund, on behalf of the Welsh Government. Our thanks go to our staff and Historic Research Volunteers, David Crowley and Brian Palmer, for their support in uncovering the history of Llennyrch Farm.
Photographs in our gallery were taken by: Rory Francis, Phillip Formby, Ben Lee, Jordan Mansfield, Jonathan Need and Ben Porter. Films were produced by Phillip Formby and Culture Colony.
Photo: Lush rainforest trees, ferns, mosses and lichens surrounding rock pools of water - Phillip Formby / WTML
Access
Guidance on how to physically reach the three access points to Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch can be found on our website. Search for Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch on our Visit Woods page.
In this wood, paths are wide at the entrances before tapering to narrow, steep, winding and uneven trails. To avoid impacting the delicate ecology here, there are some narrow bridges and two streams which are crossed on embedded stones with a rope handle as a guide.
This woodland is not suitable for wheelchair users. We want to offer an inclusive and rich experience of Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch for as many people as possible, so we invite you to explore the rainforest and farm through this virtual 360 tour.
Photo: Steps up a steep hill - Jordan Mansfield / WTML
Ash dieback
Diseased trees still support the species that rely on them. Our aim is to retain each tree for as long as possible, but woodland management decisions are heavily influenced by health and safety considerations.
Ash dieback is caused by the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus and is commonly referred to as Chalara ash dieback. Once a tree is infected, the disease is often fatal. The disease can kill a tree host directly through the actions of the pathogen, or indirectly by weakening it to the point where it succumbs more readily to attacks by other pests or pathogens.
Ancient, veteran and notable trees, such as this one at Llennyrch, need special attention if infected. This significant tree is very close to the farm track, so we’ve carried out work for health and safety. Instead of felling, we have implemented what’s known as ‘crown reduction’. This retains the tree’s unique features for as long as possible.
The timber from the felled crown is kept on the ground around the tree to provide deadwood for biodiversity. Decaying wood is an essential part of the woodland habitat. It provides a home for lots of species that cannot otherwise survive, as well as recycling nutrients back into the soil.
Photo: Decaying leaves on living tree - Phillip Formby / WTML
Bat box
A temporary home for bats
Bats are one of the key protected species in Llennyrch’s Special Area of Conservation. Bat boxes provide places for resting or roosting, extending bat habitats across the site.
Timber felled as part of our ancient woodland restoration in Coed Felenrhyd has been dried, cut and measured to size to aid our volunteers in creating these special habitats for bats. Untreated timber is best for bats as they are sensitive to smells. A 15-20cm gap is left above a rung of grooves so that the bats find it easy to climb up into the box. The cavity of the box is deep enough to keep the air temperature consistent and give the bats a sense of safety.
Several bat boxes are installed in sunny spots along hedgerows and tree lines at Llennyrch, ensuring the boxes stay warm and that there is plenty of food available nearby. Hedgerows provide a habitat for insect courtship, breeding and feeding.
We are grateful to the volunteers who join in with our monthly volunteer sessions run in collaboration with Snowdonia Society.
Photo: Wooden bat box attached to ash tree - Phillip Formby / WTML
Bracken
Bracken management for tree establishment
Here, we are trialling different approaches to growing trees in areas of dense bracken. We’re focusing on whether bracken management is needed for successful tree colonisation.
We’re running tests by splitting up the area into sections, carrying out different prescriptions in each. We’re looking to learn whether it’s possible to grow trees here and whether it’s beneficial to carry out one or more years of bracken management on a site to improve conditions for seeds to germinate and start growing.
Cutting the bracken will reduce competition and allow light to reach the ground. However, it could also inadvertently cut any tree growth that isn’t easy to spot.
Ongoing monitoring is important here to help us understand the benefits and drawbacks of different management techniques. It will enable us to make informed decisions on this and other sites in the future. Each year, a review is carried out before moving on with the next year’s work. We can then assess the reaction from ground flora and trees seed before deciding on the most appropriate next step. This also prevents unnecessary activity on site to conserve valuable time and resources.
Over time, as the trees mature, the bracken will reduce under the tree canopy as there is less light. Other species will flourish and biodiversity will increase as a result. The need for bracken management will also reduce.
Photo: Field of bracken - Phillip Formby / WTML
Direct seed sowing
Seeding directly into the soil
Sowing local seeds rather than planting seedlings mimics natural processes, such as squirrels and jays burying acorns.
Our approach to resilience in the face of climate change focuses on collecting and growing seeds within the same area as they are best adapted to local conditions. We usually plant the grown saplings in fields like this, but here we’re using a direct seeding technique.
Seeds are collected from various parts of the neighbouring woodland and scattered or buried just under the soil leaving nature to take it’s course.
Only the strongest and healthiest seeds will germinate to become seedlings, just as they would if they had fallen directly from the tree. An additional benefit of this technique is that we reduce growing and transport costs and environmental impacts.
We’re likely to have less uniform and slightly slower tree establishment than planting, but it will produce a more natural and resilient woodland habitat. It’s also likely to suit some species better than others, so we will monitor what works well and adjust our future plans accordingly.
Photo: Hazel seeds in a hand - Kirsten Manley / WTML
Field barn
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Filmy fern
Hymenophyllum wilsonii also known as Wilson’s Filmy Fern
Look closely at the mosses and lichens lining the rocks and base of trees in Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch, and you may discover this watery gem of a fern hidden amongst them.
Notice the thin translucent leaves with veins growing right to the tip which is characteristic of this type of fern. It’s tiny form thrives in damp and dark conditions, with the ability to endure a short bought of drought. In warmer conditions when it is deprived of water, it will shrivel and look as though it is dead, but like mosses, it comes back to life when water is plentiful again.
In the right conditions, this rainforest indicator species can form large dense colonies using their creeping rhizomes.
Take a closer look at the other bryophytes that hold the moisture within this rainforest.
Photo: Filmy Fern - David Whitaker / Alamy Stock
Future forest
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Growing room
Making space for expansion of the wood
Often, we see a sharp division between dense woodland and open ground. The trees stop abruptly at the fence line and open fields begin. But, given the right conditions, woodlands can expand naturally to create a gradual, soft transition from glade or scrub into wooded habitat.
Soft woodland edge habitats support a greater diversity of species, particularly if they include a good proportion of shrubs. For example, they provide niches for birds such as yellowhammer and bullfinch as well as invertebrates like the oak mining bee, fritillary butterflies and the argent and sable moth. They can also buffer ancient woodlands from sudden shocks like storms or from nutrient or chemical pollution drifting from land nearby.
Here we have pushed the fence out away from the tree line and will allow young saplings to establish naturally along the woodland edge. Successful natural regeneration relies on a variety of factors. Tree seeds are dispersed over a wide area, whether by wind or birds and mammals, but regeneration happens close to the trees they fell from. Seeds need a clear niche among dense vegetation to take root. As they germinate and grow, they must avoid severe browsing by mice, rabbits, hares, livestock, feral goats or deer.
Most trees rely on specific types of mycorrhizal (root) fungi to gain nutrients from the soil. Trees benefit from being near to other shrub and tree species with a similar set of helpful fungi – logging on to the ‘wood wide web’ may give young saplings information and nutrients from soil and even other trees.
Photo: Wide grass area between woodland and boundary wall - Phillip Formby / WTML
Hedgerows
Historic practices to secure a biodiverse future
Hedges are part of an ancient agroforestry tradition along with wood pasture. Together with ancient trees and field edge habitats, hedgerows form an extensive habitat network that’s crucial to wildlife.
Hedges are part of an ancient agroforestry tradition along with wood pasture. Together with ancient trees and field edge habitats, hedgerows form an extensive habitat network that’s crucial to wildlife.
Our tenant farmer, Arwel, knows that hedgerows provide practical benefits to his farming: protecting livestock from weather extremes, aiding biosecurity, mitigating flooding, and enhancing soil, carbon and water resources.
We know that hedgerows are part of our natural heritage and that a variety of features are important to different wildlife species. To support more species during varied flowering and fruiting times, we make sure to diversify the tree composition in our hedgerows.
Bats
Providing linear landscape features like hedgerows is important for bats. Hedgerows, woodland edges and ditches can all form commuting routes between roosting sites and feeding areas. Bats can better navigate the landscape and find shelter from wind during flight. With our network of well-connected hedgerows and other linear features within Llennyrchs’s landscape, many species of bat can extend their foraging and roosting capacity.
Photo: Growing hedgerow saplings and mature tree inside a fenced field - Phillip Formby / WTML
Historic field names
Findings from tithe maps
Our historic research volunteers have been matching tithe maps to the maps of Llennyrch Farm to find out how the fields were used in the past.
Tithe maps were produced between 1838 and 1850 following the Tithe Commutation Act of 1836, which ensured that all taxes to the church were paid with money rather than produce. All tithe maps are linked to apportionment documents which list the acreage, payable tithes, the names of the landowners and land occupiers, the land use and, in most cases, the field names which can also indicate historical land use.
The tithe maps for the Llenyrch area describe land use as arable, meadow, pasture, wood or woody pasture. This indicates the wide variety of farming activity that went on, typical for the period.
Llenyrch or Llanerch (there are multiple spellings) means a ‘clearing in a forest’, most likely for deer initially, but later for agricultural use.
The field names also give some indication of land use, which may go back much earlier than the date of the maps. For example:
• Bryn Polwn – pole hill, which may indicate coppicing
• Buarth Lloiau, Cae’r Lloiau – calf field
• Cae’r Odyn – kiln field, probably limestone for fertilising the land
• Yr Arddlas – ploughed land
• Cae’r Defaid – sheep field
• Bryn y Fedwen – birch hill
It’s clear that, over time, Llenyrch’s fields have been used for farming or woodland working to support the farm requirements. We respect and are keeping to the tradition of farming here. Our strategy is to include trees in a sensitive way to benefit farm animals and our grazier’s income, whilst providing a diverse habitat to increase biodiversity and to mitigate climate change.
Photo: Field - Phillip Formby / WTML
Historic research volunteer
Discovering old names and uses of our estate
Our historic research volunteers bring the cultural and heritage aspects to our work alive with interesting facts they find about the land’s previous uses and names. Look out for the names of these fields on our gates as you visit our sites across Wales.
It’s been interesting to discover that some fields have tree related names which suggests they were once wooded areas on the farm. Based on this information and the management plan of the site, we may apply the principles of agroforestry to these fields where grazing can continue to take place with trees being grown as shelter or as boundaries around the field. Or we may allow the field to naturally regenerate into the wooded area it once was.
We are grateful to Dave Crowley and Brian Palmer as the historic researchers for Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch. Visit the farmhouse, milking stand and field barn to learn more information they uncovered for us about these areas.
Photo: Dave Crowley Volunteer Historic Researcher taking a photo - Kirsten Manley / WTML
Ivy Bridge
From human crossings to a green bridge
The Ivy Bridge is Grade II listed from 18th century or possibly even earlier. It was part of the trade routes (also known as packhorse routes) that formed major transport arteries across the UK and further into Europe.
Drovers and “packers” would travel over this bridge heading from Harlech to Maentwrog before the current road at the entrance to Coed Felenrhyd was built.
A packhorse bridge differed from other bridges in that it was usually less than 6 feet (1.8 m) in width and had very low or no parapets. This allowed horses which were sometimes packed with panniers of cloth, grain or other produce to cross in single file, unhindered.
The river Prysor stream flowing beneath the bridge was a more accessible crossing than the wider Dwynant river into which it flows. Some scripts of the Mabinogion suggest that the point where this stream meets the river Dwyryd, is where you will find the character Pryderi’s grave.
Known as the Ivy Bridge due to the trails of ivy growing and cascading down its sides, this bridge has, over time, developed its own ecosystem of lower plants and bryophytes. We would welcome new wildlife monitor volunteers to help us ascertain exactly how many species it supports.
It is still accessible as a bridge, but do take care as you cross.
Photo: Stone bridge arched over river covered in ivy - Hannah Nunn
Llennyrch farmhouse
A 16th century Snowdonia hall house
Llennyrch farmhouse was built around 1569 and is a fine example of a Snowdonia hall house with a large open range and spiral stone staircase. It pre-dates the building of the first great house at nearby Tan y Bwlch.
We have few snapshots of early life at Llennyrch. The first famous tenant was one William Evans, whose death in 1837 whilst on his way home through Coed Felenrhyd was the subject of wild rumours of theft and murder. It is said that you may find his initial carved into a trunk in his dying moments, or the imprint of his horse’s hooves. Whatever the circumstances of his death, he left behind him a substantial estate.
Census records beginning in 1841 show four dwellings – recorded as Cany Coed Bach, Llanyrch, Lanyrch Cwt Bach and Llanyrch Bach – occupied by eight members of the Evans family and a further twelve people who were labourers, servants or children, aged 8 months to 80 years.
From 1851 to 1901 Llennyrch was continuously occupied by three generations of the Evans family. The head of the family, John Evans, was aged 86 in 1901. By 1911 the farmhouse passed to his second son, William. William's sister, Margaret, helped as a dairy maid while their cousin, Richard, worked as a carter and horseman. The Llennyrch landholding grew from 200 to 550 acres during this period and supported a crew of waggoners, servants and cowmen, but by 1911 there were just five residents left.
Nel Griffiths, previously a maid for the elderly Richard and Margaret Evans, recalls her time at Llennyrch farmhouse as both a hard, physical, life and a rich one surround by nature. Treasured memories include a wealth of healthy homemade food – porridge, buttermilk, mead and fish from Llyn Llennyrch – and gathering at night in the light of a peat fire and rush candles.
Photo: Corner stone with date carved into it - Rory Francis / WTML
Milk churn stand
Remembering past farming practices
We believe this unusual feature to be a milk churn stand. A low shelf built into the wall faces north: this would have helped to keep the churns cool as the milk awaited collection by cart.
The track next to the milk churn stand would have connected the farm at Llennyrch with properties such as Gyfynys and Ty’n Twll to the east and southeast. Paths would have linked through to what is now the A470, which probably began life as a Roman route and by the 1820s became a major turnpike road. Rail links would even have existed here after the Bala and Ffestiniog Railway opened in 1882.
Milk churn stands or ‘binks’ were in common use from at least the 19th century until the 1970s, when tanker distribution of milk became the norm. Cattle has been an important part of the farm economy at least as far back as the 19th century, when many of the cowbarns we still see scattered across the local landscape were built.
In future, cattle will once again be part of the landscape at Llennyrch. Their browsing and helpful disturbance to the ground layer benefit those special wooded and open habitats which have been shaped by their historic presence.
Photo: Small dry stone wall with a ledge - Phillip Formby / WTML
Natural colonisation
Giving a helping hand
Natural colonisation is the process by which trees and shrubs self-seed and spread. It can be cheaper and involve fewer plastic tree guards than planted trees and can aid rapid woodland creation.
Naturally colonised woodland makes for locally adapted trees that thrive in local conditions. This method keeps tree genetics diverse, supporting their adaptability to disease and our changing climate. It also produces an uneven, naturalistic structure, enabling a diversity of species to exist.
The method of natural colonisation also avoids the risk of importing new pests and diseases. The young trees may be better able to withstand pressures like drought, as they have never endured the stress of being transplanted. What’s more, natural colonisation is free and sustainable – there’s no cost to landowners for the trees, with no emissions from growing and transporting them!
Human beings are notoriously impatient and natural colonisation can happen rather slowly and unpredictably. Planting or assisted colonisation, for example direct seed sowing, is sometimes necessary to achieve a particular species mix, density or timeframe. Just as jays help to spread oak trees by burying acorns, so too can people spread locally-sourced tree seed.
Willows can be propagated in wet places simply by taking cuttings and can in turn help to act as pioneers, paving the way for other trees to establish in acidic ground. Individual trees can also be planted to act as a seed source for the next generation. Volunteers will be helping us with these tasks over the coming years as our woodland gradually expands.
Photo: Birch seeds hanging from tree - Margaret Barton / WTML
Navigating this 360 tour
Use the toolbar:
In the About tab, you’ll find an introduction to Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch, our contributors and our funders.
Use the Access tab to learn about the terrain in the rainforest and why we want to keep it as natural as possible.
Click on one of the 360 points listed in the 360 tab to take you directly to that point.
You can also use the Map tab for an overview of the woodland and farm which shows you where the 360 points are situated. Just click on the name of an area to be taken straight there. Click on the X at the top right hand corner of the map to close the Map tab.
To see the vibrant range of flora and fauna captured by our talented photographers, click on the Gallery tab.
Move through the wood:
Take a virtual stroll through the rainforest and farm. Move from one 360 point to another by clicking on the orange-framed labels with a disc labelled 360 in the top right-hand corner.
Each 360 is loosely themed around the different aspects of our work or what the wood has to offer.
Click on the green-framed labels with an information icon to read more about our work
Click on the green-framed labels with a play icon to watch a short film developed in collaboration with our volunteers and staff
To return to the 360 tour, click on the green disc with an X on it.
The settings icon at the bottom of the tool bar will enhance your experience to full screen. You can choose to have the audio on or not and you can turn the Hotspots and tool bar off if you want an uninterupted view of the location you are immersed in. Click on the three lines at the top left of the screen to return to the tool bar. Click on the X to remove the settings menu.
Photo: Sample of the 360 tour showing the navigation icons - Lee Harrison Mellor / WTML
No fence tree planting
Establishing trees in upland areas with grazing
‘No fence tree planting’ is a tried and tested technique we are using to grow small numbers of trees within land grazed by farm animals.
The technique involves planting trees in areas where cattle or sheep won't graze – in gorse bushes, in among bramble or in craggy areas. This increases tree cover, providing a shaded area for the livestock.
In the absence of fences, biodiversity can thrive and future seed sources can increase. Young trees can take advantage of various forms of natural protection, allowing wooded habitats to grow in a grazed landscape which would otherwise be impossible without stock exclusion (building fences to keep livestock away) or changing the land use altogether.
No fence planting is very simple as a concept, but there are many elements which must be considered together. Understanding the subtleties of grazing and browsing techniques and tree placement is essential for success.
As well as improving the landscape and helping wildlife, the method provides many benefits to farmers: the trees provide shade and shelter to livestock; there is no loss of grazing land at any time during the establishment of the trees; no change in land-use occurs as the areas remain agricultural rather than becoming forestry; gorse and bracken are diminished as the trees develop a canopy, allowing more diverse vegetation to grow between and under the trees; wooded habitat is created.
Photo: Five year old birch sapling growing among prickly gorse bush - Kirsten Manley / WTML
Oak trees
A glade amongst the trees
The sessile oak woodlands of southern Snowdonia form one of the most important areas for woodland nature conservation in Europe. These woods have been equally valued and relied upon by people throughout the ages.
Wandering Llennyrch’s paths, you might notice that many of the more accessible oak trees appear to be a similar size and age, some growing as multiple stems. This is a sign that blocks of woodland have probably been felled or coppiced in the past. The woodland itself is ancient but we think that many of the trees are just a century old. During the First World War, a huge demand for timber in Britain meant that many woods like this endured felling.
Older locals remember removing side branches from oaks to help them grow straight and knot-free. We also found evidence of past woodland management in the form of an old saw pit. Before chainsaws, timber was worked with big two-handled saws. The word ‘underdog’ comes from those who had the unfortunate job of going down into a pit with the bottom end of the saw, where all the sawdust rained down on them from above!
Oak was also split to make fence posts and gates, a tradition the Woodland Trust has revived. Removing a few trees every so often will help to create patches of light which benefit lichen and young saplings, making the woodland more diverse in structure as well as providing useful timber for boundary repairs.
Coed Felenrhyd was once part of the great Oakley Estate, which had its own sawmill. Timbers from the Oakley Estate would have gone into railway sleepers and shipbuilding, carrying slate from Ffestiniog around the world. Oak bark was also used for tanning: a process that turns raw hides into hard-wearing and flexible leather.
Photo: Oak trees covered in moss and lichen - Phillip Formby / WTML
Old lichens
Thelotrema petractoides
Water is important for many plants in the rainforest. Some species of lichen require alkaline conditions and are only found growing on old bark. Bark can become more alkaline with age, so species such as ash – which has a relatively high pH (alkalinity) of bark - are home to a lot of species. In fact, some 536 lichen species are associated with ash!
All of this really underlines how crucial a single ancient tree can be for our varied lichen species.
Ancient woodland is land that has been continually wooded for a very long time.
Because of this, ancient woods are particularly important for lichen as they provide an undisturbed environment where lichen can thrive. Lichens need this as they take a long time to develop, growing only 1-2mm a year.
Photo: Thelotrema pectractoides - Alistair Hotchkiss
Phoenix tree
Not all fallen trees are dead
You might notice quite a few felled or fallen trees in our woods. We like it that way! Fallen, dead and rotting wood increases biodiversity of woodlands. Not all fallen trees are dead… they can rise like the phoenix from the flame!
That is indeed what this type of tree is called: a phoenix tree. You will notice that although on its side, its leaves are still coming out in spring, seeds are being dispersed in autumn and new life is beginning to grow in cracks and crevices.
When volunteers are recording ancient and veteran trees, they will keep an eye out for those old ones that have fallen and record these too.
Look out for our ancient and veteran trees on this tour for more information about the Ancient Tree Inventory and how to record living legends!
Photo: Fallen tree with new growth - Phillip Formby / WTML
Rainforests of the world
Otherwise known as Atlantic woodland, temperate rainforest is found in areas subject to the influence of the sea (places with 'high oceanicity'). These places have high rainfall and humidity and a low annual variation in temperature.
This unique habitat of ancient oak, birch, ash, pine and hazel woodland is made even more diverse by open glades, boulders, crags, ravines and river gorges.
Rainforests in the UK are part of the Coastal Temperate Rainforest biome. This habitat is globally rare and some say is more threatened than tropical rainforest. The green areas on this map show just how rare it is.
With an acceleration of the changes in our climate and a decline in biodiversity, it is imperative that we protect these rare and precious sites.
Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch is one of the few mid and north Wales rainforests where we, along with our partners in the Celtic Rainforest Wales Project, are monitoring our sensitive management through ancient woodland restoration, conservation grazing and removal of invasive species.
Photo: Map of the world indicating locations of global temperate rainforests - Maphobbyist / Wikimedia
Rare lichens
Looks like lungs!
Lichens are organisms formed by the symbiosis of a fungus species and one or more other organisms, typically an alga. They play an important role in the ecology of woodlands and are bioindicators of environmental pollution, climate change, and ecological continuity.
Lichens on trees provide important microhabitats, shelter and food for small invertebrates. These in-turn are prey for larger insects and birds. They can also be hosts for other species of parasitic fungi. Lichens also provide many other ecosystem services such as carbon cycling and water retention for example.
Lungworts are known as foliose (leafy) lichens, and are often bright, lush and green when wet. When healthy they can grow to impressive sizes. Lobaria pulmonaria like this one once grew on mature oaks, ash, elms and other trees throughout the UK, but its range is now restricted to the Scottish Highlands, with scattered outposts in Pembrokeshire, Dartmoor, the New Forest and here in north Wales.
Luckily for visitors, our ancient oaks here at the Maentwrog entrance host many of these beautiful and rare lichens!
Photo: Lobaria pulmonaria - Nature Picture Library / Alamy Stock
Snowdonia Society
Supporting landscape scale volunteering!
We have been collaborating with Snowdonia Society for many years now. As conservation charity working with local communities, organisations, businesses and individuals across Eryri National Park, they bring a range of volunteers from near and far to Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch to experience this unique and special woodland and neighbouring farmland.
Through their work here we have saved thousands of tree seeds for growing on which they have later helped us plant back into other woodlands on and off our estate. Volunteers have helped maintain paths across our estate and eliminated vast swathes of invasive species!
With the support of our estate contractors, using the timber felled from our ancient woodland restoration work, volunteers have created the way marker posts as well as bird and bat boxes you’ll find dotted throughout this woodland.
Cymdeithas Eryri’s passion to promote the inspire and deepen people’s knowledge and appreciation of Eryri, its heritage, habitats and wildlife make them the perfect partner to ensure local people and visitors to this area play an active role in conserving, protecting and expanding our woodlands across north west Wales.
Photo: Snowdonia Society volunteers standing behind rows of bird boxes - Kylie Jones Mattock
Standing deadwood
Keeping dead and dying wood
Dead and decaying wood can have negative connotations. When walking through a wood, people may see rotting logs or broken branches and think that the woodland is unhealthy or dangerous.
While the risk that dead and dying trees pose to people and property is usually low, woodland managers must weigh up the safety risks against their enormous ecological value.
Many beetles rely on deadwood for the development of their larvae. These are known as saprolyxic beetles, derived from the Greek sapros meaning ‘rotten’ and xylon meaning ‘wood'. Their grubs often feed on wood softened by fungal decomposition, or on the fungal bodies themselves. By burrowing into wood as they go they are also afforded some protection from predators. In all, around 650 UK beetle species are thought to require deadwood at some point in their lifecycle.
Where there are beetle larvae there are animals that specialise in winkling them out. A number of woodland birds have evolved the strong beaks, long tongues and behaviours to help them extract invertebrates from deadwood. Woodpeckers in particular also prefer standing deadwood in which to excavate nest holes - and these in turn may be commandeered down the line by bats and other cavity nesting birds.
Photo: Greater Spotted Woodpecker - Maurice Walker WTML
The barn
Skills development space
While our indoor barn is used by our tenant farmer, Arwel, for shearing and inoculating his sheep, we see a lot of potential for the outdoor barn here at Llennyrch.
We envisage a wooden cladded space where our volunteers can gather and process timber. Ancient woodland restoration clears space for light and new growth. We use sensitive methods such as horse logging to extract the timber which we then transform into useful products for the rest of the site.
Our contractors can use this space to support students and volunteers in developing skills to build fence posts, gates and benches for installation around the site.
Benches are vital to visitors who need regular breaks along the paths. Our volunteers are proud to contribute to making Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch a site that is more accessible to a wider audience.
We also envisage a place where the public, during some of our walking events, can gather under a sheltered area to learn about the increasing biodiversity on this site.
Watch this space!
Photo: Visualisation of new barn structure - WTML
Volunteer craft area
A hive of activity
Volunteers are crucial to our work. We couldn’t protect and care for the UK’s woods and trees without them. We work collaboratively with our friends Snowdonia Society and Keyhoe Countryside Services to support our volunteers here and further afield.
Our volunteer Woodland Wardens, volunteers from across the Snowdonia National Park and students visiting from Bangor University have all contributed to marking walking routes through Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch.
Using routers, chisels, paint and felled timber from our ancient woodland restoration work, volunteers have ensured there are clear signs to guide walkers along the yellow, blue and red routes throughout the site.
You can also spot their handiwork on the bird and bat houses installed in the woods or along hedgerows. Within those hedgerows, you’ll notice young saplings – these have been grown from seed collected by volunteers from the healthy older trees. Our friends at Snowdonia National Park Authority nurtured those seeds in their tree nursery at the nearby Plas Tan y Bwlch, making sure our trees here are of local provenance.
Members of the public have also played a role by informally volunteering to measure our oldest trees which are now visible on our online Ancient Tree Inventory map. We hope they are now using their newfound skills in finding and measuring living legends all over Wales!
Look out for our videos on this 360 tour about the Ancient Tree Inventory and how you too can get involved in volunteering – whether that’s here at Llennyrch or from your own home.
Photo: Volunteers measuring and sawing timber - Kirsten Manley / WTML
Waymarker
Find your way around
Look out for our waymarker posts to guide you along three routes throughout Coed Felenrhyd and Llennyrch.
The Llennyrch Path is 3km long (2 miles) and can be strenuous in parts. Leading you past the historic Llennyrch Farmhouse, the path takes you through fields and oak woods along trackways worn by generations of farmers. Look out for fabulous fungi in autumn, while in spring keep an eye out for the arrival of breeding birds like the pied flycatcher.
The paths are mostly grassy with some earthy areas which may be wet. There is one ladder stile and an unbridged stream crossing. Dogs must be kept on leads as there are often sheep, horses and cattle grazing along these paths.
The Gorge Circle is roughly 3.7km (2.5 miles) long. You’ll notice the wondrous biodiversity of this traditional upland farm. As the path winds from Llyn Trawsfynydd through varied habitats, look out for a wealth of wildlife from lizards to liverworts and waxcaps to wood warblers!
There are some steep, rocky sections and two unbridged river crossings. The ground can be wet and peaty in parts, but it’s well worth the effort if you can manage it! Once again, please keep dogs on leads due to sheep and cattle grazing.
Finally, the Felenrhyd Loop is our more strenuous route of about 3.8km (2.5 miles) long. The wood’s waterfalls and delicate ferns are enchanting at any time of year. Follow in the footsteps of the heroes of the Mabinogion and explore the heart of this magical Celtic rainforest!
This path is mostly narrow and earthy and can become muddy when wet. There are some steep steps, exposed tree roots and occasional open areas overlooking the gorge. Dogs must remain on their leads as we have our conservation grazers in action.
Photo: Orientation panel showing paths through the wood - WTML
Woodland grazing
Browsing animals have played a significant role in creating this special habitat and remain essential to its long-term survival.
When the Woodland Trust took on the farm, it came with a flock of around 300 ‘hefted’ sheep. Hefted animals come from an unbroken line that have resided in one open area over generations, adapting to the specific local environment, its opportunities and its challenges. While these sheep now thrive in the woods, fields and ffridd of Llennyrch, imported livestock would not be so well adapted to the site.
Grazing is essential for maintaining an open understorey. The understorey favours less competitive bryophytes and light-loving lichens and is the preferred nesting habitat for migrant birds like the willow warbler. Without grazing, bilberry and bramble would soon become dominant, as they did in neighbouring Coed Felenrhyd before grazing was reintroduced.
However, you can have too much of a good thing. In the long term, if grazing is too heavy, then tasty ferns and woodland flowers will all be browsed off and young seedlings will have no chance to grow and perpetuate the woodland.
Sheep also do little to create disturbance. A bit of disturbance can help create niches for tree seeds and other diverse species to take root. For this reason, we are looking at how cattle might be used to stimulate natural processes in the various habitats on site.
In the past, the farm would have supported a small herd of cattle – milked in Fuches Dwll or ‘Herd Hole’ in Ceunant Geifr – goats, a handful of sheep, working horses, and probably a pig or two. This mixed grazing would have helped to sustain the high nature value habitats we see today.
Photo: Sheep looking through moss covered trees - Phillip Formby / WTML
About Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch
Preserving and enhancing natural and cultural heritage
The expanse of Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch stretches from the rugged Rhinog mountains of Eryri (Snowdonia) to the tidal limits of the Irish Sea.
It is a unique landscape where conservation meets farming, preserving traditional agricultural practices while increasing tree cover. Light woodland grazing delivers optimal conditions for rare mosses, lichens and liverworts found only in rainforest conditions. With steep ravines, undulating paths, rugged moorland and rushing streams, let us transport you to secret corners of this remote landscape few people have experienced.
This tour will unveil more about our work, help you plan your visit or simply provide a place to immerse yourself in the sights and sounds of Wales’ precious rainforest. The tabs in the toolbar will guide you.
To delve deeper into the history, ecology and management of rainforests or to learn how we support landowners, visit The Woodland Trust website. For more information and guides about protecting our rainforests in Wales, visit the Celtic Rainforest Wales website.
Inspired by the tour? Help protect our woodland heritage by recording ancient trees, volunteering with us or donating towards our future work.
This tour has been made possible through the Nature Networks Fund which has been delivered by the Heritage Fund, on behalf of the Welsh Government. Our thanks go to our staff and Historic Research Volunteers, David Crowley and Brian Palmer, for their support in uncovering the history of Llennyrch Farm.
Photographs in our gallery were taken by: Rory Francis, Phillip Formby, Ben Lee, Jordan Mansfield, Jonathan Need and Ben Porter. Films were produced by Phillip Formby and Culture Colony.
Photo: Lush rainforest trees, ferns, mosses and lichens surrounding rock pools of water - Phillip Formby / WTML
Access
Guidance on how to physically reach the three access points to Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch can be found on our website. Search for Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch on our Visit Woods page.
In this wood, paths are wide at the entrances before tapering to narrow, steep, winding and uneven trails. To avoid impacting the delicate ecology here, there are some narrow bridges and two streams which are crossed on embedded stones with a rope handle as a guide.
This woodland is not suitable for wheelchair users. We want to offer an inclusive and rich experience of Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch for as many people as possible, so we invite you to explore the rainforest and farm through this virtual 360 tour.
Photo: Steps up a steep hill - Jordan Mansfield / WTML
Ash dieback
Diseased trees still support the species that rely on them. Our aim is to retain each tree for as long as possible, but woodland management decisions are heavily influenced by health and safety considerations.
Ash dieback is caused by the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus and is commonly referred to as Chalara ash dieback. Once a tree is infected, the disease is often fatal. The disease can kill a tree host directly through the actions of the pathogen, or indirectly by weakening it to the point where it succumbs more readily to attacks by other pests or pathogens.
Ancient, veteran and notable trees, such as this one at Llennyrch, need special attention if infected. This significant tree is very close to the farm track, so we’ve carried out work for health and safety. Instead of felling, we have implemented what’s known as ‘crown reduction’. This retains the tree’s unique features for as long as possible.
The timber from the felled crown is kept on the ground around the tree to provide deadwood for biodiversity. Decaying wood is an essential part of the woodland habitat. It provides a home for lots of species that cannot otherwise survive, as well as recycling nutrients back into the soil.
Photo: Decaying leaves on living tree - Phillip Formby / WTML
Bat box
A temporary home for bats
Bats are one of the key protected species in Llennyrch’s Special Area of Conservation. Bat boxes provide places for resting or roosting, extending bat habitats across the site.
Timber felled as part of our ancient woodland restoration in Coed Felenrhyd has been dried, cut and measured to size to aid our volunteers in creating these special habitats for bats. Untreated timber is best for bats as they are sensitive to smells. A 15-20cm gap is left above a rung of grooves so that the bats find it easy to climb up into the box. The cavity of the box is deep enough to keep the air temperature consistent and give the bats a sense of safety.
Several bat boxes are installed in sunny spots along hedgerows and tree lines at Llennyrch, ensuring the boxes stay warm and that there is plenty of food available nearby. Hedgerows provide a habitat for insect courtship, breeding and feeding.
We are grateful to the volunteers who join in with our monthly volunteer sessions run in collaboration with Snowdonia Society.
Photo: Wooden bat box attached to ash tree - Phillip Formby / WTML
Bracken
Bracken management for tree establishment
Here, we are trialling different approaches to growing trees in areas of dense bracken. We’re focusing on whether bracken management is needed for successful tree colonisation.
We’re running tests by splitting up the area into sections, carrying out different prescriptions in each. We’re looking to learn whether it’s possible to grow trees here and whether it’s beneficial to carry out one or more years of bracken management on a site to improve conditions for seeds to germinate and start growing.
Cutting the bracken will reduce competition and allow light to reach the ground. However, it could also inadvertently cut any tree growth that isn’t easy to spot.
Ongoing monitoring is important here to help us understand the benefits and drawbacks of different management techniques. It will enable us to make informed decisions on this and other sites in the future. Each year, a review is carried out before moving on with the next year’s work. We can then assess the reaction from ground flora and trees seed before deciding on the most appropriate next step. This also prevents unnecessary activity on site to conserve valuable time and resources.
Over time, as the trees mature, the bracken will reduce under the tree canopy as there is less light. Other species will flourish and biodiversity will increase as a result. The need for bracken management will also reduce.
Photo: Field of bracken - Phillip Formby / WTML
Field barn
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Field history
Findings from tithe maps
Our historic research volunteers have been matching tithe maps to the maps of Llennyrch Farm to find out how the fields were used in the past.
Tithe maps were produced between 1838 and 1850 following the Tithe Commutation Act of 1836, which ensured that all taxes to the church were paid with money rather than produce. All tithe maps are linked to apportionment documents which list the acreage, payable tithes, the names of the landowners and land occupiers, the land use and, in most cases, the field names which can also indicate historical land use.
The tithe maps for the Llenyrch area describe land use as arable, meadow, pasture, wood or woody pasture. This indicates the wide variety of farming activity that went on, typical for the period.
Llenyrch or Llanerch (there are multiple spellings) means a ‘clearing in a forest’, most likely for deer initially, but later for agricultural use.
The field names also give some indication of land use, which may go back much earlier than the date of the maps. For example:
• Bryn Polwn – pole hill, which may indicate coppicing
• Buarth Lloiau, Cae’r Lloiau – calf field
• Cae’r Odyn – kiln field, probably limestone for fertilising the land
• Yr Arddlas – ploughed land
• Cae’r Defaid – sheep field
• Bryn y Fedwen – birch hill
It’s clear that, over time, Llenyrch’s fields have been used for farming or woodland working to support the farm requirements. We respect and are keeping to the tradition of farming here. Our strategy is to include trees in a sensitive way to benefit farm animals and our grazier’s income, whilst providing a diverse habitat to increase biodiversity and to mitigate climate change.
Photo: Field - Phillip Formby / WTML
Filmy fern
Hymenophyllum wilsonii also known as Wilson’s Filmy Fern
Look closely at the mosses and lichens lining the rocks and base of trees in Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch, and you may discover this watery gem of a fern hidden amongst them.
Notice the thin translucent leaves with veins growing right to the tip which is characteristic of this type of fern. It’s tiny form thrives in damp and dark conditions, with the ability to endure a short bought of drought. In warmer conditions when it is deprived of water, it will shrivel and look as though it is dead, but like mosses, it comes back to life when water is plentiful again.
In the right conditions, this rainforest indicator species can form large dense colonies using their creeping rhizomes.
Take a closer look at the other bryophytes that hold the moisture within this rainforest.
Photo: Filmy Fern - David Whitaker / Alamy Stock
Future forest
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Grassy area
Seeding directly into the soil
Sowing local seeds rather than planting seedlings mimics natural processes, such as squirrels and jays burying acorns.
Our approach to resilience in the face of climate change focuses on collecting and growing seeds within the same area as they are best adapted to local conditions. We usually plant the grown saplings in fields like this, but here we’re using a direct seeding technique.
Seeds are collected from various parts of the neighbouring woodland and scattered or buried just under the soil leaving nature to take it’s course.
Only the strongest and healthiest seeds will germinate to become seedlings, just as they would if they had fallen directly from the tree. An additional benefit of this technique is that we reduce growing and transport costs and environmental impacts.
We’re likely to have less uniform and slightly slower tree establishment than planting, but it will produce a more natural and resilient woodland habitat. It’s also likely to suit some species better than others, so we will monitor what works well and adjust our future plans accordingly.
Photo: Hazel seeds in a hand - Kirsten Manley / WTML
Growing room
Making space for expansion of the wood
Often, we see a sharp division between dense woodland and open ground. The trees stop abruptly at the fence line and open fields begin. But, given the right conditions, woodlands can expand naturally to create a gradual, soft transition from glade or scrub into wooded habitat.
Soft woodland edge habitats support a greater diversity of species, particularly if they include a good proportion of shrubs. For example, they provide niches for birds such as yellowhammer and bullfinch as well as invertebrates like the oak mining bee, fritillary butterflies and the argent and sable moth. They can also buffer ancient woodlands from sudden shocks like storms or from nutrient or chemical pollution drifting from land nearby.
Here we have pushed the fence out away from the tree line and will allow young saplings to establish naturally along the woodland edge. Successful natural regeneration relies on a variety of factors. Tree seeds are dispersed over a wide area, whether by wind or birds and mammals, but regeneration happens close to the trees they fell from. Seeds need a clear niche among dense vegetation to take root. As they germinate and grow, they must avoid severe browsing by mice, rabbits, hares, livestock, feral goats or deer.
Most trees rely on specific types of mycorrhizal (root) fungi to gain nutrients from the soil. Trees benefit from being near to other shrub and tree species with a similar set of helpful fungi – logging on to the ‘wood wide web’ may give young saplings information and nutrients from soil and even other trees.
Photo: Wide grass area between woodland and boundary wall - Phillip Formby / WTML
Hedgerows
Historic practices to secure a biodiverse future
Hedges are part of an ancient agroforestry tradition along with wood pasture. Together with ancient trees and field edge habitats, hedgerows form an extensive habitat network that’s crucial to wildlife.
Our tenant farmer, Arwel, knows that hedgerows provide practical benefits to his farming: protecting livestock from weather extremes, aiding biosecurity, mitigating flooding, and enhancing soil, carbon and water resources.
We know that hedgerows are part of our natural heritage and that a variety of features are important to different wildlife species. To support more species during varied flowering and fruiting times, we make sure to diversify the tree composition in our hedgerows.
Bats
Providing linear landscape features like hedgerows is important for bats. Hedgerows, woodland edges and ditches can all form commuting routes between roosting sites and feeding areas. Bats can better navigate the landscape and find shelter from wind during flight. With our network of well-connected hedgerows and other linear features within Llennyrchs’s landscape, many species of bat can extend their foraging and roosting capacity.
Photo: Growing hedgerow saplings and mature tree inside a fenced field - Phillip Formby / WTML
Historic Research Volunteer
Discovering old names and uses of our estate
Our historic research volunteers bring the cultural and heritage aspects to our work alive with interesting facts they find about the land’s previous uses and names. Look out for the names of these fields on our gates as you visit our sites across Wales.
It’s been interesting to discover that some fields have tree related names which suggests they were once wooded areas on the farm. Based on this information and the management plan of the site, we may apply the principles of agroforestry to these fields where grazing can continue to take place with trees being grown as shelter or as boundaries around the field. Or we may allow the field to naturally regenerate into the wooded area it once was.
We are grateful to Dave Crowley and Brian Palmer as the historic researchers for Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch. Visit the farmhouse, milking stand and field barn to learn more information they uncovered for us about these areas.
Photo: Dave Crowley Volunteer Historic Researcher taking a photo - Kirsten Manley / WTML
Ivy bridge
From human crossings to a green bridge
The Ivy Bridge is Grade II listed from 18th century or possibly even earlier. It was part of the trade routes (also known as packhorse routes) that formed major transport arteries across the UK and further into Europe.
Drovers and “packers” would travel over this bridge heading from Harlech to Maentwrog before the current road at the entrance to Coed Felenrhyd was built.
A packhorse bridge differed from other bridges in that it was usually less than 6 feet (1.8 m) in width and had very low or no parapets. This allowed horses which were sometimes packed with panniers of cloth, grain or other produce to cross in single file, unhindered.
The river Prysor stream flowing beneath the bridge was a more accessible crossing than the wider Dwynant river into which it flows. Some scripts of the Mabinogion suggest that the point where this stream meets the river Dwyryd, is where you will find the character Pryderi’s grave.
Known as the Ivy Bridge due to the trails of ivy growing and cascading down its sides, this bridge has, over time, developed its own ecosystem of lower plants and bryophytes. We would welcome new wildlife monitor volunteers to help us ascertain exactly how many species it supports.
It is still accessible as a bridge, but do take care as you cross.
Photo: Stone bridge arched over river covered in ivy - Hannah Nunn
Llennyrch farmhouse
A 16th century Snowdonia hall house
Llennyrch farmhouse was built around 1569 and is a fine example of a Snowdonia hall house with a large open range and spiral stone staircase. It pre-dates the building of the first great house at nearby Tan y Bwlch.
We have few snapshots of early life at Llennyrch. The first famous tenant was one William Evans, whose death in 1837 whilst on his way home through Coed Felenrhyd was the subject of wild rumours of theft and murder. It is said that you may find his initial carved into a trunk in his dying moments, or the imprint of his horse’s hooves. Whatever the circumstances of his death, he left behind him a substantial estate.
Census records beginning in 1841 show four dwellings – recorded as Cany Coed Bach, Llanyrch, Lanyrch Cwt Bach and Llanyrch Bach – occupied by eight members of the Evans family and a further twelve people who were labourers, servants or children, aged 8 months to 80 years.
From 1851 to 1901 Llennyrch was continuously occupied by three generations of the Evans family. The head of the family, John Evans, was aged 86 in 1901. By 1911 the farmhouse passed to his second son, William. William's sister, Margaret, helped as a dairy maid while their cousin, Richard, worked as a carter and horseman. The Llennyrch landholding grew from 200 to 550 acres during this period and supported a crew of waggoners, servants and cowmen, but by 1911 there were just five residents left.
Nel Griffiths, previously a maid for the elderly Richard and Margaret Evans, recalls her time at Llennyrch farmhouse as both a hard, physical, life and a rich one surround by nature. Treasured memories include a wealth of healthy homemade food – porridge, buttermilk, mead and fish from Llyn Llennyrch – and gathering at night in the light of a peat fire and rush candles.
Photo: Corner stone with date carved into it - Rory Francis / WTML
Milk churn stand
Remembering past farming practices
We believe this unusual feature to be a milk churn stand. A low shelf built into the wall faces north: this would have helped to keep the churns cool as the milk awaited collection by cart.
The track next to the milk churn stand would have connected the farm at Llennyrch with properties such as Gyfynys and Ty’n Twll to the east and southeast. Paths would have linked through to what is now the A470, which probably began life as a Roman route and by the 1820s became a major turnpike road. Rail links would even have existed here after the Bala and Ffestiniog Railway opened in 1882.
Milk churn stands or ‘binks’ were in common use from at least the 19th century until the 1970s, when tanker distribution of milk became the norm. Cattle has been an important part of the farm economy at least as far back as the 19th century, when many of the cowbarns we still see scattered across the local landscape were built.
In future, cattle will once again be part of the landscape at Llennyrch. Their browsing and helpful disturbance to the ground layer benefit those special wooded and open habitats which have been shaped by their historic presence.
Milk Churn Stand Photo: Small dry stone wall with a ledge - Phillip Formby / WTML
Natural colonisation
Giving a helping hand
Natural colonisation is the process by which trees and shrubs self-seed and spread. It can be cheaper and involve fewer plastic tree guards than planted trees and can aid rapid woodland creation.
Naturally colonised woodland makes for locally adapted trees that thrive in local conditions. This method keeps tree genetics diverse, supporting their adaptability to disease and our changing climate. It also produces an uneven, naturalistic structure, enabling a diversity of species to exist.
The method of natural colonisation also avoids the risk of importing new pests and diseases. The young trees may be better able to withstand pressures like drought, as they have never endured the stress of being transplanted. What’s more, natural colonisation is free and sustainable – there’s no cost to landowners for the trees, with no emissions from growing and transporting them!
Human beings are notoriously impatient and natural colonisation can happen rather slowly and unpredictably. Planting or assisted colonisation, for example direct seed sowing, is sometimes necessary to achieve a particular species mix, density or timeframe. Just as jays help to spread oak trees by burying acorns, so too can people spread locally-sourced tree seed.
Willows can be propagated in wet places simply by taking cuttings and can in turn help to act as pioneers, paving the way for other trees to establish in acidic ground. Individual trees can also be planted to act as a seed source for the next generation. Volunteers will be helping us with these tasks over the coming years as our woodland gradually expands.
Photo: Birch seeds hanging from tree - Margaret Barton / WTML
Navigating this 360 tour
Use the toolbar:
In the About tab, you’ll find an introduction to Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch, our contributors and our funders.
Use the Access tab to learn about the terrain in the rainforest and why we want to keep it as natural as possible.
Click on one of the 360 points listed in the 360 tab to take you directly to that point.
You can also use the Map tab for an overview of the woodland and farm which shows you where the 360 points are situated. Just click on the name of an area to be taken straight there. Click on the X at the top right hand corner of the map to close the Map tab.
To see the vibrant range of flora and fauna captured by our talented photographers, click on the Gallery tab.
Move through the wood:
Take a virtual stroll through the rainforest and farm. Move from one 360 point to another by clicking on the orange-framed labels with a disc labelled 360 in the top right-hand corner.
Each 360 is loosely themed around the different aspects of our work or what the wood has to offer.
Click on the green-framed labels with an information icon to read more about our work
Click on the green-framed labels with a play icon to watch a short film developed in collaboration with our volunteers and staff
To return to the 360 tour, click on the green disc with an X on it.
The settings icon at the bottom of the tool bar will enhance your experience to full screen. You can choose to have the audio on or not and you can turn the Hotspots and tool bar off if you want an uninterupted view of the location you are immersed in. Click on the three lines at the top left of the screen to return to the tool bar. Click on the X to remove the settings menu.
Photo: Sample of the 360 tour showing the navigation icons - Lee Harrison Mellor / WTML
No fence tree planting
Establishing trees in upland areas with grazing
No fence tree planting’ is a tried and tested technique we are using to grow small numbers of trees within land grazed by farm animals.
The technique involves planting trees in areas where cattle or sheep won't graze – in gorse bushes, in among bramble or in craggy areas. This increases tree cover, providing a shaded area for the livestock.
In the absence of fences, biodiversity can thrive and future seed sources can increase. Young trees can take advantage of various forms of natural protection, allowing wooded habitats to grow in a grazed landscape which would otherwise be impossible without stock exclusion (building fences to keep livestock away) or changing the land use altogether.
No fence planting is very simple as a concept, but there are many elements which must be considered together. Understanding the subtleties of grazing and browsing techniques and tree placement is essential for success.
As well as improving the landscape and helping wildlife, the method provides many benefits to farmers: the trees provide shade and shelter to livestock; there is no loss of grazing land at any time during the establishment of the trees; no change in land-use occurs as the areas remain agricultural rather than becoming forestry; gorse and bracken are diminished as the trees develop a canopy, allowing more diverse vegetation to grow between and under the trees; wooded habitat is created.
Photo: Five year old birch sapling growing among prickly gorse bush - Kirsten Manley / WTML
Oak trees
A glade amongst the trees
The sessile oak woodlands of southern Snowdonia form one of the most important areas for woodland nature conservation in Europe. These woods have been equally valued and relied upon by people throughout the ages.
Wandering Llennyrch’s paths, you might notice that many of the more accessible oak trees appear to be a similar size and age, some growing as multiple stems. This is a sign that blocks of woodland have probably been felled or coppiced in the past. The woodland itself is ancient but we think that many of the trees are just a century old. During the First World War, a huge demand for timber in Britain meant that many woods like this endured felling.
Older locals remember removing side branches from oaks to help them grow straight and knot-free. We also found evidence of past woodland management in the form of an old saw pit. Before chainsaws, timber was worked with big two-handled saws. The word ‘underdog’ comes from those who had the unfortunate job of going down into a pit with the bottom end of the saw, where all the sawdust rained down on them from above!
Oak was also split to make fence posts and gates, a tradition the Woodland Trust has revived. Removing a few trees every so often will help to create patches of light which benefit lichen and young saplings, making the woodland more diverse in structure as well as providing useful timber for boundary repairs.
Coed Felenrhyd was once part of the great Oakley Estate, which had its own sawmill. Timbers from the Oakley Estate would have gone into railway sleepers and shipbuilding, carrying slate from Ffestiniog around the world. Oak bark was also used for tanning: a process that turns raw hides into hard-wearing and flexible leather.
Photo: Oak trees covered in moss and lichen - Phillip Formby / WTML
Old lichens
Thelotrema petractoides
Water is important for many plants in the rainforest. Some species of lichen require alkaline conditions and are only found growing on old bark. Bark can become more alkaline with age, so species such as ash – which has a relatively high pH (alkalinity) of bark - are home to a lot of species. In fact, some 536 lichen species are associated with ash!
All of this really underlines how crucial a single ancient tree can be for our varied lichen species.
Ancient woodland is land that has been continually wooded for a very long time.
Because of this, ancient woods are particularly important for lichen as they provide an undisturbed environment where lichen can thrive. Lichens need this as they take a long time to develop, growing only 1-2mm a year.
Photo: Thelotrema pectractoides - Alistair Hotchkiss
Phoenix tree
Not all fallen trees are dead
You might notice quite a few felled or fallen trees in our woods. We like it that way! Fallen, dead and rotting wood increases biodiversity of woodlands. Not all fallen trees are dead… they can rise like the phoenix from the flame!
That is indeed what this type of tree is called: a phoenix tree. You will notice that although on its side, its leaves are still coming out in spring, seeds are being dispersed in autumn and new life is beginning to grow in cracks and crevices.
When volunteers are recording ancient and veteran trees, they will keep an eye out for those old ones that have fallen and record these too.
Look out for our ancient and veteran trees on this tour for more information about the Ancient Tree Inventory and how to record living legends!
Photo: Fallen tree with new growth - Phillip Formby / WTML
Polypody
Sub heading
Lead copy
Body copy
Rainforests of the world
Otherwise known as Atlantic woodland, temperate rainforest is found in areas subject to the influence of the sea (places with 'high oceanicity'). These places have high rainfall and humidity and a low annual variation in temperature.
This unique habitat of ancient oak, birch, ash, pine and hazel woodland is made even more diverse by open glades, boulders, crags, ravines and river gorges.
Rainforests in the UK are part of the Coastal Temperate Rainforest biome. This habitat is globally rare and some say is more threatened than tropical rainforest. The green areas on this map show just how rare it is.
With an acceleration of the changes in our climate and a decline in biodiversity, it is imperative that we protect these rare and precious sites.
Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch is one of the few mid and north Wales rainforests where we, along with our partners in the Celtic Rainforest Wales Project, are monitoring our sensitive management through ancient woodland restoration, conservation grazing and removal of invasive species.
Photo: Map of the world indicating locations of global temperate rainforests - Maphobbyist / Wikimedia
Rare lichens
Looks like lungs!
Lichens are organisms formed by the symbiosis of a fungus species and one or more other organisms, typically an alga. They play an important role in the ecology of woodlands and are bioindicators of environmental pollution, climate change, and ecological continuity.
Lichens on trees provide important microhabitats, shelter and food for small invertebrates. These in-turn are prey for larger insects and birds. They can also be hosts for other species of parasitic fungi. Lichens also provide many other ecosystem services such as carbon cycling and water retention for example.
Lungworts are known as foliose (leafy) lichens, and are often bright, lush and green when wet. When healthy they can grow to impressive sizes. Lobaria pulmonaria like this one once grew on mature oaks, ash, elms and other trees throughout the UK, but its range is now restricted to the Scottish Highlands, with scattered outposts in Pembrokeshire, Dartmoor, the New Forest and here in north Wales.
Luckily for visitors, our ancient oaks here at the Maentwrog entrance host many of these beautiful and rare lichens!
Photo: Lobaria pulmonaria - Nature Picture Library / Alamy Stock
Snowdonia Society
Supporting landscape scale volunteering!
We have been collaborating with Snowdonia Society for many years now. As conservation charity working with local communities, organisations, businesses and individuals across Eryri National Park, they bring a range of volunteers from near and far to Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch to experience this unique and special woodland and neighbouring farmland.
Through their work here we have saved thousands of tree seeds for growing on which they have later helped us plant back into other woodlands on and off our estate. Volunteers have helped maintain paths across our estate and eliminated vast swathes of invasive species!
With the support of our estate contractors, using the timber felled from our ancient woodland restoration work, volunteers have created the way marker posts as well as bird and bat boxes you’ll find dotted throughout this woodland.
Cymdeithas Eryri’s passion to promote the inspire and deepen people’s knowledge and appreciation of Eryri, its heritage, habitats and wildlife make them the perfect partner to ensure local people and visitors to this area play an active role in conserving, protecting and expanding our woodlands across north west Wales.
Photo: Snowdonia Society volunteers standing behind rows of bird boxes - Kylie Jones Mattock
Standing deadwood
Keeping dead and dying wood
Dead and decaying wood can have negative connotations. When walking through a wood, people may see rotting logs or broken branches and think that the woodland is unhealthy or dangerous.
While the risk that dead and dying trees pose to people and property is usually low, woodland managers must weigh up the safety risks against their enormous ecological value.
Many beetles rely on deadwood for the development of their larvae. These are known as saprolyxic beetles, derived from the Greek sapros meaning ‘rotten’ and xylon meaning ‘wood'. Their grubs often feed on wood softened by fungal decomposition, or on the fungal bodies themselves. By burrowing into wood as they go they are also afforded some protection from predators. In all, around 650 UK beetle species are thought to require deadwood at some point in their lifecycle.
Where there are beetle larvae there are animals that specialise in winkling them out. A number of woodland birds have evolved the strong beaks, long tongues and behaviours to help them extract invertebrates from deadwood. Woodpeckers in particular also prefer standing deadwood in which to excavate nest holes - and these in turn may be commandeered down the line by bats and other cavity nesting birds.
Photo: Greater Spotted Woodpecker - Maurice Walker / WTML
The barn
Skills development space
While our indoor barn is used by our tenant farmer, Arwel, for shearing and inoculating his sheep, we see a lot of potential for the outdoor barn here at Llennyrch.
We envisage a wooden cladded space where our volunteers can gather and process timber. Ancient woodland restoration clears space for light and new growth. We use sensitive methods such as horse logging to extract the timber which we then transform into useful products for the rest of the site.
Our contractors can use this space to support students and volunteers in developing skills to build fence posts, gates and benches for installation around the site.
Benches are vital to visitors who need regular breaks along the paths. Our volunteers are proud to contribute to making Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch a site that is more accessible to a wider audience.
We also envisage a place where the public, during some of our walking events, can gather under a sheltered area to learn about the increasing biodiversity on this site.
Watch this space!
Photo: Visualisation of new barn structure - WTML
Volunteer craft area
A hive of activity
Volunteers are crucial to our work. We couldn’t protect and care for the UK’s woods and trees without them. We work collaboratively with our friends Snowdonia Society and Keyhoe Countryside Services to support our volunteers here and further afield.
Our volunteer Woodland Wardens, volunteers from across the Snowdonia National Park and students visiting from Bangor University have all contributed to marking walking routes through Coed Felenrhyd & Llennyrch.
Using routers, chisels, paint and felled timber from our ancient woodland restoration work, volunteers have ensured there are clear signs to guide walkers along the yellow, blue and red routes throughout the site.
You can also spot their handiwork on the bird and bat houses installed in the woods or along hedgerows. Within those hedgerows, you’ll notice young saplings – these have been grown from seed collected by volunteers from the healthy older trees. Our friends at Snowdonia National Park Authority nurtured those seeds in their tree nursery at the nearby Plas Tan y Bwlch, making sure our trees here are of local provenance.
Members of the public have also played a role by informally volunteering to measure our oldest trees which are now visible on our online Ancient Tree Inventory map. We hope they are now using their newfound skills in finding and measuring living legends all over Wales!
Look out for our videos on this 360 tour about the Ancient Tree Inventory and how you too can get involved in volunteering – whether that’s here at Llennyrch or from your own home.
Photo: Volunteers measuring and sawing timber - Kirsten Manley / WTML
Waymarker
Find your way around
Look out for our waymarker posts to guide you along three routes throughout Coed Felenrhyd and Llennyrch.
The Llennyrch Path is 3km long (2 miles) and can be strenuous in parts. Leading you past the historic Llennyrch Farmhouse, the path takes you through fields and oak woods along trackways worn by generations of farmers. Look out for fabulous fungi in autumn, while in spring keep an eye out for the arrival of breeding birds like the pied flycatcher.
The paths are mostly grassy with some earthy areas which may be wet. There is one ladder stile and an unbridged stream crossing. Dogs must be kept on leads as there are often sheep, horses and cattle grazing along these paths.
The Gorge Circle is roughly 3.7km (2.5 miles) long. You’ll notice the wondrous biodiversity of this traditional upland farm. As the path winds from Llyn Trawsfynydd through varied habitats, look out for a wealth of wildlife from lizards to liverworts and waxcaps to wood warblers!
There are some steep, rocky sections and two unbridged river crossings. The ground can be wet and peaty in parts, but it’s well worth the effort if you can manage it! Once again, please keep dogs on leads due to sheep and cattle grazing.
Finally, the Felenrhyd Loop is our more strenuous route of about 3.8km (2.5 miles) long. The wood’s waterfalls and delicate ferns are enchanting at any time of year. Follow in the footsteps of the heroes of the Mabinogion and explore the heart of this magical Celtic rainforest!
This path is mostly narrow and earthy and can become muddy when wet. There are some steep steps, exposed tree roots and occasional open areas overlooking the gorge. Dogs must remain on their leads as we have our conservation grazers in action.
Photo: Orientation panel showing paths through the wood - WTML
Woodland grazing
Browsing animals have played a significant role in creating this special habitat and remain essential to its long-term survival.
When the Woodland Trust took on the farm, it came with a flock of around 300 ‘hefted’ sheep. Hefted animals come from an unbroken line that have resided in one open area over generations, adapting to the specific local environment, its opportunities and its challenges. While these sheep now thrive in the woods, fields and ffridd of Llennyrch, imported livestock would not be so well adapted to the site.
Grazing is essential for maintaining an open understorey. The understorey favours less competitive bryophytes and light-loving lichens and is the preferred nesting habitat for migrant birds like the willow warbler. Without grazing, bilberry and bramble would soon become dominant, as they did in neighbouring Coed Felenrhyd before grazing was reintroduced.
However, you can have too much of a good thing. In the long term, if grazing is too heavy, then tasty ferns and woodland flowers will all be browsed off and young seedlings will have no chance to grow and perpetuate the woodland.
Sheep also do little to create disturbance. A bit of disturbance can help create niches for tree seeds and other diverse species to take root. For this reason, we are looking at how cattle might be used to stimulate natural processes in the various habitats on site.
In the past, the farm would have supported a small herd of cattle – milked in Fuches Dwll or ‘Herd Hole’ in Ceunant Geifr – goats, a handful of sheep, working horses, and probably a pig or two. This mixed grazing would have helped to sustain the high nature value habitats we see today.
Photo: Sheep looking through moss covered trees - Phillip Formby / WTML